Pepsi Co and Coca Cola Stock Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pepsi Co and Coca Cola Stock Analysis - Essay Example The report at the end presents the summary of what has been learnt in the report. COMPARING THE STOCK PERFORMANCE OF TWO FIRMS Historical prices of Pepsi co Adjusted closing price has been taken for the calculation of returns and risk. The average stock returns are found to be negative (-0.08) (Yahoo! Finance, 2013a) Historical Prices of Coca Cola Company STDEV 0.0101 The Adjusting closing has been taken for calculating returns and risk. The average returns are negative (-0.15) (Yahoo! Finance, 2013b). Dow Jones Industrial Average NASDAQ Composite Index The latest price at which the Pepsi co Philippines traded is 6.19, it is 10.03% below its high 52 week of 6.88. The listing of Pepsi co products are primarily on Philippines Stock Exchange (Financial Times, 2013). (Financial Times, 2013) Market closed at 40.81, which is 6.03% below its high 52 week of 43.43. The listing of Coca Cola Company products are primarily on NYQ. Interest Rates: For the last four years wages are being flat and there is no hint of an increase in inflation rate. In 1980s, women began to enter labor force, but still the work force participation is at its low rate. After the financial crisis the financial system has improved a lot, capitalization of the banks are managed in a better way, balance sheets are being improved by both the corporations and households and all these factors can positively impact not only the two companies but Dow Jones index as well as NASDAQ. Industry News: Despite the continuation of Fed with the policy of buying bonds and accommodation, stocks were more than expected rallied on Monday. The Dow industrials were at a positive sign for the whole day despite the sharp rise in Intel and Merck. With a success of key drug trial, Merck was up 3.8% while with the introduction of new processors of fourth generation, Intel was up to 4 %. The Dow industrial average was increased by 138 points at the closing with 15,254 and NASDAQ was up to 9 points with 3465. 545 million shar es were traded by NASDAQ; there was an increase in the volume on NYSE with 879 million shares being traded. Dow Jones industrials violated the moving average of 20 day. The support zone focused concentration on Monday with 15,115 from 15,000. The index of Dow Jones was on a lead till March. Therefore such factors can also impact companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi as they are also traded on similar stock exchange. Company News The Coca Cola Company has announced its investment in Myanmar on Tuesday 4th June. The production of the company will be in Myanmar with an investment of $200 million. This investment will lift its shares in the market and profits will be enormous. The coca cola company was given the investment permit for the foreign investment Law by Myanmar. It is the first production of Coca Cola in decades. The Dow Industrial Average secured an uneven recovery has led the 30 giants of America which includes Coca Cola Company, Microsoft etc to the most comprehensive event (E avis, 2013) PepsiCo has started its joint venture with the Theo Muller Group, established a new art-state manufacturing of yogurt plant in Batavia, New York. There’s an employment capacity of around 180 people. PepsiCo is the leader in food and beverages it has no less than $65 billion of net revenues. With twenty two brands in the portfolio PepsiCo enjoys over $1 billion to in each brand in a result of its annual sales. With the joint venture with the Theo Muller group Pepsi co enjoys expansion in stocks. PepsiCo due to increasing its price on Feb. 2013,

Problems addressed by supply chain management

Problems addressed by supply chain management Problems addressed by supply chain management Supply chain management must address the following problems: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. Distribution Strategy: questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, e.g.,direct shipment, pool point shipping,cross docking, DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, e.g.,motor carrier, including truckload,LTL,parcel;railroad; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (e.g., pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (e.g., owner-operated,private carrier,common carrier, contract carrier, or3PL). Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments. If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain. The flow is bi-directional. Activities/functions Supply chain management is a cross-function approach including managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end-consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velo city of inventory movement. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries.SCORis a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply Chain Council. Another model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels . The CSCMP has adopted The American Productivity Quality Center (APQC) Process Classification FrameworkSMa high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. Strategic level Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehousing,distribution centers, and facilities. Strategic partnershipswith suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating communication channels for critical information and operational improvements such ascross docking, direct shipping, andthird-party logistics. Product life cycle management, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain and capacity management activities. Information technologychain operations. Where-to-make andmake-buy decisions. Aligning overall organizational strategy with supply strategy. It is for long term and needs resource commitment. Tactical level Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions. Production decisions, including contracting, scheduling, and planning process definition. Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting. Benchmarkingof all operations against competitors and implementation ofbest practicesthroughout the enterprise. Milestone payments. Focus on customer demand and Habits. Operational level Daily production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain. Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute). Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and sharing the forecast with all suppliers. Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. Inbound operations, including transportation from suppliers and receiving inventory. Production operations, including the consumption of materials and flow of finished goods. Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities, warehousing and transportation to customers. Order promising, accounting for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. From production level to supply level accounting all transit damage cases arrange to settlement at customer level by maintaining company loss through insurance company. Importance of supply chain management Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy.[7]In Peter Druckers (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing andinformation technologyhave enabled many organizations, such asDellandHewlett Packard, to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither market nor hierarchy categories (Powell, 1990). It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004). Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little co ncern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance (Mintzberg, 1979). In the 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures, strategic alliances and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier Just-In-Time, Lean Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing practices.[8]Second, technological changes, particularly the dramatic fall in information communication costs, which are a significant component of transaction costs, have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network (Coase, 1998). Many researchers have recognized these kinds of supply network structures as a new organization form, using terms such as Keiretsu, Extended Enterprise, Virtual Corporation, Global Production Network, and Next Generation Manufacturing System.[9]In general, such a structure can be defined as a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration (Akkermans, 2001). The security management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by ISOandIEC. Historical developments in supply chain management Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies: Creation, Integration, and Globalization (Movahedi et al., 2009), Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0. 1. creation era The termsupply chain managementwas first coined by a U.S. industry consultant in the early 1980s. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the assembly line. The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include the need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by cost reduction programs, and widespread attention to the Japanese practice of management. 2. integration era This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-adding and cost reductions through integration. In fact a supply chain can be classified as a Stage 1, 2 or 3 network. In stage 1 type supply chain, various systems such as Make, Storage, Distribution, Material control, etc are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan and is ERP enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one in which vertical integration with the suppliers in upstream direction and customers in downstream direction is achieved. An example of this kind of supply chain is Tesco. 3. globalization era The third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains over national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources in the supply chain of organizations can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, value-adding, and reducing costs through global sourcing. 4. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase one: outsourced manufacturing and distribution In the 1990s, industries began to focus on â€Å"core competencies† and adopted a specialization model. Companies abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements by extending the supply chain well beyond company walls and distributing management across specialized supply chain partnerships. This transition also re-focused the fundamental perspectives of each respective organization. OEMs became brand owners that needed deep visibility into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work -in-process visibility and vendor-managed inventory (VMI). The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of multiple, individual supply chains specific to products, suppliers, and customers who work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product. The set of partners may change according to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands. 5. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase two: supply chain management as a service Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management, and non-asset-based carriers and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution and performance management. At any given moment, market forces could demand changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations and customers, and from any number of these specialized participants as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on the supply chain infrastructure, from the foundation layers of establishing and managing the electronic communication between the trading partners to more complex requirements including the configuration of the processes and work flows that are essential to the management of the network itself. Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to the overall value chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is the leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity. Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in the late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the Application Service Provider (ASP) model from approximately 1998 through 2003 to the On-Demand model from approximately 2003-2006 to the Software as a Service (SaaS) model currently in focus today. 6. supply chain management 2.0 (SCM 2.0) Building on globalization and specialization, the term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both the changes within the supply chain itself as well as the evolution of the processes, methods and tools that manage it in this new era. Web 2.0 is defined as a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute that Web 2.0 brings is to help navigate the vast amount of information available on the Web in order to find what is being sought. It is the notion of a usable pathway. SCM 2.0 follows this notion into supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of the processes, methodologies, tools and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as the complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to the effects of global competition, rapid price fluctuations, surging oil prices, short product life cycles, expanded specialization, near-/far- and off-shoring, and talent scarcity. SCM 2.0 leverages proven solutions designed to rapidly deliver results with the agility to quickly manage future change for continuous flexibility, value and success. This is delivered through competency networks composed of best-of-breed supply chain domain expertise to understand which elements, both operationally and organizationally, are the critical few that deliver the results as well as through intimate understanding of how to manage these elements to achieve desired results. Finally, the solutions are delivered in a variety of options, such as no-touch via business process outsourcing, mid-touch via managed services and software as a service (SaaS), or high touch in the traditional software deployment model. Supply chain business process integration Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. An example scenario: the purchasing department places orders as requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged throughprocess integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. The key supply chain processes stated by Lambert (2004)[10]are: Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfillment Manufacturing flow management Supplier relationship management Product development and commercialization Returns management Much has been written about demand management. Best-in-Class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: a) Internal and external collaboration b) Lead time reduction initiatives c) Tighter feedback from customer and market demand d) Customer level forecasting One could suggest other key critical supply business processes which combine these processes stated by Lambert such as: Customerservice management Procurement Product development and commercialization Manufacturing flow management/support Physical distribution Outsourcing/partnerships Performance measurement a) Customerservice managementprocess Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability through interfaces with the companys production and distribution operations. Successful organizations use the following steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals for organization and customers establish and maintain customer rapport produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers b) Procurement process Strategic plans are drawn up with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, sourcing should be managed on a global basis. The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development. Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such aselectronic data interchange(EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling andquality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programs. c) Product development and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be integrated into the product development process in order to reduce time to market. As product life cycles shorten, the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must: coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer-articulated needs; select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement, and develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate into the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination. d) Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes and must accommodate mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Also, changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demand. Activities related to planning, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. e) Physical distribution This concerns movement of a finished product/service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product/service is a vital part of each channel participants marketing effort. It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it links a marketing channel with its customers (e.g., links manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). f) Outsourcing/partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in-house. The logic of this trend is that the company will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive advantage, and outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident inlogisticswhere the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists or logistics partners. Also, managing and controlling this network of partners and suppliers requires a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken centrally, with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at a local level. g) Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. Taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emphasizing a long-term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can both be correlated with firm performance. As logistics competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage, logistics measurement becomes increasingly important because the difference between profitable and unprofitable operations becomes more narrow. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. According to experts, internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm including Cost Customer Service Productivity measures Asset measurement, and Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer perception measures and best practice benchmarking, and includes 1) customer perception measurement, and 2) best practice benchmarking. h)Warehousing management: As a case of reducing company cost expenses, warehousing management is carrying the valuable role against operations. In case of perfect storing office with all convenient facilities in company level, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. Components of supply chain management are as follows: 1. Standardization 2. Postponement 3. Customization Theories of supply chain management Currently there is a gap in the literature available on supply chain management studies: there is no theoretical support for explaining the existence and the boundaries of supply chain management. A few authors such as Halldorsson, et al. (2003), Ketchen and Hult (2006) and Lavassani, et al. (2009) have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational theories. These theories include: Resource-Based View (RBV) Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) Knowledge-Based View (KBV) Strategic Choice Theory (SCT) Agency Theory (AT) Institutional theory (InT) Systems Theory (ST) Network Perspective (NP) Materials Logistics Management (MLM) Just-in-Time(JIT) Material Requirements Planning(MRP) Theory of Constraints(TOC) Total Quality Management(TQM) Agile Manufacturing Time Based Competition (TBC) Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and many more , Supply chain centroids Tax efficient supply chain management Tax Efficient Supply Chain Managementis a business model which consider the effect ofTaxin design and implementation of supply chain management. This is different in the context of an international issue as businesses which is cross-nation pay different tax rates in different countries. Due to the differences, global players have the opportunity to calculate and optimize supply chain based on tax efficiencylegally. This is one method of gaining more profit for companies in the international trade, i.e. within the parameter of a global supply chain. Supply chain sustainability Supply chain sustainabilityis a business issue affecting an organizations supply chain or logistics network and is frequently quantified by comparison with SECH ratings. SECH ratings are defined associal, ethical, cultural and healthfootprints. Consumers have become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases and companies SECH ratings and, along with non-governmental organizations ([NGO]s), are setting the agenda for transitions to organically-grown foods, anti-sweatshop labor codes and locally-produced goods that support independent and small businesses. Because supply chains frequently account for over 75% of a companyscarbon footprint[14]many organizations are exploring how they can reduce this and thus improve their SECH rating. For example, in July, 2009 the U.S. basedWal-Martcorporation announced its intentions to create a globalsustainabilityindex that would rate products according to the environmental and social impact made while the products were manufactured and distributed. The sustainability rating index is intended to create environmental accountability in Wal-Marts supply chain, and provide the motivation andinfrastructurefor other retail industry companies to do the same. Components of supply chain management integration The management components of SCM The SCM components are the third element of the four-square circulation framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a function of the number and level, ranging from low to high, of components added to the link (Ellram and Cooper, 1990; Houlihan, 1985). Consequently, adding more management components or increasing the level of each component can increase the level of integration of the business process link. The literature on business process re-engineering,buyer-supplier relationships,and SCMsuggests various possible components that must receive managerial attention when managing supply relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components: Planning and control Work structure Organization structure Product flow facility structure Information flow facility structure Management methods Power and leadership structure Risk and reward structure Culture and attitude However, a more careful examination of the existing literature[19]leads to a more comprehensive understanding of what should be the key critical supply chain components, the branches of the previous identified supply chain business processes, that is, what kind of relationship the components may have that are related to suppliers and customers. Bowersox and Closs states that the emphasis on cooperation represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A primary level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in the inventory ownership responsibility or assume other aspects of financial risk, thus including primary level components (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A secondary level participant (specialized) is a business that participates in channel relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, including secondary level components, which support primary participants. Third level channel p articipants and components that support the primary level channel participants and are the fundamental branches of the secondary level components may also be included. Consequently, Lambert and Coopers framework of supply chain components does not lead to any conclusion about what are the primary or secondary (specialized) level supply chain components (see Bowersox and Closs, 1996, p.93). That i

Capital Punishment Essay: Death Penalty is Good for the Economy

The Death Penalty is Good for the Economy    Crimes are committed everyday. Many people are caught, while many are not. In the United States of America, when a person kills another person s/he is considered a murderer. The instant that murder takes place all rights should automatically be revoked. Murderers should not be allowed to walk the streets. Once a person has killed there is a good change that it could happen again. Convicted murderers should be given the death penalty and have it carried out at once. The death penalty is a controversial sentence. Not everyone feels the same way, but I believe that, in America, the death penalty for murderers is beneficial to the economy and it's a punishment that fits the crime. Anti-death penalty supporters argue the death penalty is unconstitutional -- "Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair and discriminatory in practice. It assures the execution of some innocent people. As a remedy for crime, it has no purpose and no effect (American Civil Liberties Union National Office 2-16-95)." In 1972, the Supreme Court in Furman v. Georgia ruled that the death penalty for murder was unconstitutional. They also argue that the death penalty costs too much to carry out (Academic American Encyclopedia "Capital Punishment"). Yet, in 1976, the Supreme Court in Gregg V. Georgia declared the death penalty for murder is constitutional (AAE "Capital Punishment"). The death penalty is also fair and serves it justice -- surveyed police chiefs and sheriffs choose the death penalty as a primary method to combat violent crime (Montgomery 2-25-95). It cost less in the long run as well. How does the economy benefit from... ...ts, and the punishment fits the crime. Thus the death penalty is beneficial in that it saves money and lets us feel secure. Work Cited Academic American Encyclopedia. "Capital Punishment." Danbury: Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995. Academic American Encyclopedia. "Prison." Danbury: Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995. American Civil Liberties Union National Office. "New York Civil Liberties Union says No to death penalty." February 16, 1995. Bureau of Justice Statistics. "Capital Punishment 1992." December 1992. Bureau of Justice Statistics. "Prisoners in 1992." May 1993. Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch. "Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty." May 25, 1984. Montgomery, Lori. "Death penalty ineffective, police say." Austin American-Statesman, February 25, 1995: A20.

Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionStroke or Cerebro Vascular Accident is the rapid loss of encephalon map ( s ) due to the perturbation in the blood supply. This is caused by ischaemia resulted from the obstruction of blood supply or a bleeding. The obstruction can be due to any thrombosis or arterial intercalation which consequences in deficiency of O and glucose to the encephalon country and it can take to decease of encephalon cells and encephalon harm. This frequently consequences in an inability to travel one or more limbs on one side of the organic structure, inability to understand or explicate address, inability to see one side of the ocular field etc. Stroke is a medical exigency as it causes lasting neurological harm, complications and even decease. ( WHO, 2008 ) Stroke is a life altering event that non merely affects the handicapped individual but besides their household and attention givers. Effective showing, rating and direction schemes for shot are good established in good developed states, but these schemes have non been to the full implemented in India. ( American Health Association, 2009 ) Stroke incidence and prevalence are indispensable for ciphering the load of disease and for be aftering the bar and intervention of shot patients. WHO estimates the figure of stroke events in some selected European states such as, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland is likely to increase from 1.1A million per twelvemonth in 2000 to more than 1.5A million per twelvemonth in 2025 entirely because of the demographic alterations. ( Truelsen et al. , 2006 ) The prevalence rate of shot is higher among the Asians. In India it is about 250-300/10000 population per twelvemonth. The National Commission on Macro-economic and Health estimated that, in India the figure of shot rate will increases from 1,081,480 in 2000 to 1,667,372 in 2015. In 1998, the overall age adjusted prevalence rate for shot is estimated to lie between 84-262/100,000 population in rural and between 334-424/100,000 populations in urban countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the one-year shot incidence of India will increase from 91/100,000 in 2015 to 98/100,000 in 2030. ( Ezzati et al 2004 ) It has been estimated that by 2021 the shot related disablement counts in 61 million, and 52 million of which would be in developing states. Harmonizing to recent surveies, 55 % to 70 % of shot subsisters become to the full independent by 1 twelvemonth and 7 % to 15.7 % remained wholly disabled. Among those who had speech disfunction, complete recovery was reported in 47 % of instances, and there was no betterment in 12 % . Dysarthria was commoner than dysphasia. Post Stroke ictus was observed in about 2 % of instances. ( Banerjee & A ; Das, 2008 ) In 2005, 400 to 800 shots per 100,000 populations in globally. 5.7 million Deaths and 15 million new acute shot instances are reported yearly. Globally, over the past four decennaries, the one-year age- standardised shot incidence rate has decreased by1.1 % in high income states but it has been increased by 5.3 % in low to middle income states. ( Feigin 2009 ) The mortality rate of shot is decreasing or stabilising in developed states. It was estimated in 2000 that, the shot accounted for 0.9-4.5 % of entire medical admittances and 9.2-30 % admittances in neurological wards. 12 % of all shots occur in people less than 40 old ages. Previous shot is the major ground for the shot in those who aged more than 65 old ages. It is estimated that 2 % decreases in overall shot mortality in India will ensue in 6.4 million fewer deceases over 10 twelvemonth period. ( Dalal et al. , 2007 ) There are chiefly two types of shot comprises ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. Ischemic stroke histories for approximately 75 % of all shots which occurs due to thrombus that blocks or diminishes the blood flow to the portion of the encephalon. A haemorrhagic shot occurs when a blood vas on the encephalon surface ruptures and fills the infinite between the encephalon and skull with blood ( subarachnoid bleeding ) or when faulty arteria in the encephalon explosions and fills the environing tissue with blood ( intellectual bleeding ) . Both consequence in deficiency of blood flow to the encephalon and a buildup of blood that put excessively much of force per unit area on the encephalon. ( Swadron, 2010 ) The clinical effects of shot can be named based on the arteria involved. This includes infarct in the anterior intellectual arteria ( ACA ) , in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , posterior intellectual arteria ( PCA ) and basilar/vertebral arteria. Middle intellectual arteria and basilar arteria are most frequently involved in shot. Entire Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( TACI ) had 100 % incidence of Dysphagia, followed by Partial Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( PACI-36 % ) , Posterior Circulation infarcts ( POCI-33 % ) , and Lacunar infarcts ( LACI-18 % ) . 67 % of bleedings had post-stroke Dysphagia. ( Sundar et al. , 2008 ) Dysphagia ( trouble in get downing ) is resulted if the shots occur in the in-between intellectual arteria or internal carotid arteria or vertebral or basilar arteria. Dysphagia can be seen in 65 % of the patients with shot. If non identified and managed it can take to hapless nutrition, pneumonia and increased disablement. Aspiration is the major job associated with Dysphagia. ( Stroke connexion magazine July/august 2003 ) Approximately 30 % of the patients who had one-sided shot have dysphagic symptoms and a similar per centum have been reported in encephalon hurt patients. It is estimated that between 29 and 50 % of acute shot subsisters are dysphagic. Early bedside appraisal of Dysphagia is indispensable to forestall aspiration hazard in shot patients. ( Smithard et al. , 2003 ) Asiatics were more likely to develop Dysphagia after shot. InA theA strokeA group, the adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) with 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) forA DysphagiaA was significantly higher for Asians than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.64 ; 95 % CI, 1.50-1.79 ) and California ( OR=1.69 ; 95 % CI, 1.34-2.13 ) . The adjusted OR was somewhat but significantly higher for inkinesss than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.15 ; 95 % CI, 1.03-1.28 ) . ( Fernandez et al. , 2008 ) The relentless dysphagia can take to malnutrition in the shot patients. The presence of malnutrition in station shot Dysphagia is runing high. The overall odds of being malnourished were higher among topics who were dysphagic compared with topics with integral get downing ( odds ratio: 2.425 ; 95 % assurance interval: 1.264-4.649, A P & lt ; 0.008 ) . ( Foley et al. , 2009 ) The higher incidence of Dysphagia increases the hazard of aspiration. In a prospective survey 60 patients were assessed clinically and underwent a bedside water-swallowing trial and videofluoroscopy within 72 hours of shot. Twenty-five patients ( 42 % ) were seen to draw out in the videofluoroscopy ; of these 20 % did non hold open Dysphagia as detected by a simple water-swallowing trial. Aspiration is most common in the early period following acute shot as a consequence of Dysphagia. ( Kidd et al. , 1993 ) Harmonizing to American Health Association ( 2006 ) , the primary bar of shot is of import because more than 70 % of shots are primary events. This includes behaviour alteration such as decreased smoke, intoxicant and salt ingestion forms, increasing fruits and vegetable ingestion and physical activity. ( Gupta et al, 2008 )Need FOR THE STUDYStroke is one of the prima causes of decease and disablement in the universe. Approximately 20 million people in each twelvemonth will endure from shot and 5 million of these will non be survive. Community surveys from many parts show rough prevalence rates for shot in the scope of 90-222 per 100,000 individuals. The Global Burden of Disease ( GBD ) Study, in 1990, reported 9.4 million deceases in India, of which 619,000 deceases were due to stroke, proposing a mortality rate of 73 per 100,000 individuals. The worldwide incidence has been quoted as 2 per 1000 population per twelvemonth, and about 4 per 1000 population in the people aged 45-84 old ages. The developing states histories for 85 % of planetary deceases from shot. With mention to the functional damages, 20 % of the people will necessitate institutional attention after 3 months and 15 to 30 % being for good disabled. ( Bhat et al. , 2007 ) Analysis of early deceases after shot is of import, as some deceases may be preventable. A survey on 1073 back-to-back shot patients showed 212 deceases within the first 30 yearss, leads to a mortality rate of 20 % . Early mortality after shot exhibits a bimodal distribution. One extremum occurs during the first hebdomad, and a 2nd during the 2nd and 3rd hebdomads. The high proportion of deceases in the first hebdomad is due to transtentorial herniation. After that, deceases are due to comparative stationariness ( pneumonia, pneumonic intercalation and sepsis ) predominate, striking towards the terminal of the 2nd hebdomad. ( Silver et al. , 1984 ) Dysphagia is common after shot. The appraisal of Dysphagia was made by utilizing standardised clinical methods in patients with acute shot. Dysphagia was more frequent in patients with haemorrhagic shot ( 31/63 vs. 110/343 ; P = 0.01 ) . In patients with ischaemic shot, the engagement of the arterial district of the entire in-between intellectual arteria was more often associated with Dysphagia ( 28.2 vs. 2.2 % ; p & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Multivariate analysis disclosed that shot mortality and disablement were independently associated with Dysphagia ( P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . The frequence of Dysphagia was comparatively high. Dysphagia assessed clinically was a important variable foretelling decease and disablement at 90 yearss. ( Paciaroni et al. , 2004 ) In acute ischaemic stroke the Dysphagia occurred within 48 hours after the oncoming of the first symptoms. After exigency infirmary admittance, three patients underwent neurological clinical rating and clinical appraisal of get downing. One of the patients presented functional swallowing, while the other two had mild and moderate oropharyngeal Dysphagia. The findings substantiate the literature informations sing the badness of the neurological status and the manifestation of Dysphagia. ( Favero et al. , 2011 ) Dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position occur often after shot. On clinical scrutiny 52.6 % of survey patients ‘ demonstrated Dysphagia and 26.3 % were identified with hapless nutritionary position. Dysphagia, based on clinical appraisal, was associated with shot badness ( National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, OR 4.6, 95 % CI 1.6-13.1 ; modified Rankin Scale, OR 12.3, 95 % CI 3.2-47.4 ) and with functional unwritten consumption ( OR 29.2, 95 % CI 8.4-101.8 ) , but non with steps of nutritionary position ( Mini Nutritional Assessment, OR 1.0, 95 % CI 0.4-2.8 ) . Nutritional steps did non correlate with swallowing or shot badness steps. It confirms that dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position are prevalent in patients with acute ischaemic shot. ( Crary et al. , 2006 ) A population based long term follow up survey was conducted to find the Dysphagia nowadays in the first hebdomad of acute shot associated with long term result. Dysphagia was assessed within 1 hebdomad in the shot patients and they were followed up annually at 3 months for 5 old ages. And they found that the presence of Dysphagia during the acute stage of shot associated with hapless result during the undermentioned old ages, particularly at 3 months. The survey related the dysphagia with increased institutionalization rate. ( Smithard et al. , 1997 ) An experimental prospective survey on 87 patients admitted with acute shot in the University infirmary of South Manchester to happen out the relationship between the side of shot and the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy. They undertook the patients for encephalon CT scanning and repeated videofluoroscopy. The survey concluded that the go oning aspiration might be related to the side of intellectual lesion. ( O'Neill, 2000 ) A survey conducted to happen out the incidence of Dysphagia in shot patients who were admitted in neuro rehabilitation unit. The survey compared the clinical bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopy to specify any correlativity between Dysphagia and clinical features of the patients. They enrolled both ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. They concluded that Dysphagia is seen in one tierce of the shot patients who admitted in nuero rehabilitation unit. The class of Dysphagia correlated with the dysarthria, aphasia, low FIM and degree of cognitive operation. They found that the big cortical shots of non dominant side were associated with Dysphagia. ( Caterina 2009 ) A prospective survey in 121 patients utilizing standardised bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopic scrutiny was done to foretell the relationship between Dysphagia with the result and complications after shot. The presence of aspiration, mortality, functional result, length of stay, topographic point of discharge, happening of chest infection, nutritionary position and hydration were the chief result steps. It was found that the unnatural sup on appraisal had a higher hazard of aspiration and hapless nutritionary position. The presence of Dysphagia was associated with an increased hazard of decease, disablement, length of infirmary stay and institutional attention. ( Morris, 2000 ) Assorted get downing techniques have consequence on the nutritionary result of the shot patients. The interventions such as unwritten motor exercising, different get downing techniques, placement, and diet alteration aid to better the nutritionary form depend on the patient status. About 38 shot patients between 53 to 89 old ages of age with subjective ailments of Dysphagia and oral/pharyngeal disfunction were underwent swallowing intervention. The consequence revealed that the betterment in get downing map was associated with betterment in nutritionary parametric quantities. ( Elmstahl et al.,1999 ) Exercise based Dysphagia therapy can better the functional and physiological alterations in get downing public presentation of the grownup with chronic Dysphagia. After 3 hebdomads of intense exercising based Dysphagia therapy swallowing was improved. Physiological alterations after therapy imply an improved neuromuscular operation within the swallow mechanism. ( Carnaby et al. , 2012 ) The progressive linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing map. A prospective cohort interventional survey suggested that the linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing in patients with linguistic failing and get downing disablement. ( Robbins et al. , 2007 ) The clinical poster of the research worker leads to detect the shot patients. Investigator observed that one tierce of the patients who are holding shot developed get downing and feeding troubles which later result in aspiration pneumonia and add hazard to their life. All of them require dietetic alteration and half of them in demand of nasogastric or gastrostomy tubing for feeding support. This affect the nutritionary position and increase the length of infirmary stay and later affect the patient ‘s quality of life. This induce an involvement in the research worker over the peculiar country, â€Å" Post Stroke Dysphagia † . It gives a strong thrust to seek for the direction of Dysphagia in Post Stroke patients from diaries and besides from the life experience in the wards.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMEffectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14AimThe aims of the survey a re to, Assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Determine the effectivity of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected demographic and clinical variables.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSPOST STROKE DYSPHAGIA It refers to the trouble in get downing irrespective of the country of encephalon harm, ischaemic or haemorrhagic shots among the station shot patients. SWALLOWING Performance It refers to the ability of station shot dysphagic patients to get down, which is assessed by utilizing Gugging Swallowing Screen ( GUSS ) graduated table and the patients are graded as mild, moderate, terrible and no dysphagic based on the mark obtained. Eating Performance Feeding public presentation implies the capableness of the station stroke dysphagic patients to go through the liquids, semisolids and solid nutrients from the oral cavity to the throat, and so into the tummy and it can be assessed by the Functional Oral Intake Scale ( FOIS ) to categorise the patients as either tubing dependant or entire unwritten consumption. SELECTED Nursing INTERVENTIONS Selected nursing intercessions refer to the nursing activities which include get downing exercisings such as Shaker exercising and Hyoid lift manoeuvre and Positioning during the swallowing to better the swallowing and feeding public presentation of the patients with station shot dysphagia.Hypothesis:H1: There is a important difference in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance before and after the execution of Selected Nursing Interventions in Post Stroke Patients with dysphagia.Premise:Patients with cerebrovascular accident suffer with changing grade of Dysphagia. Swallowing exercisings strengthen the swallowing musculuss.

When Art Speaks: an Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art

When Art Speaks: An Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art Wanda M. Argersinger Southern New Hanpshire University When Art Speaks The Italian Renaissance produced many artists and even more works of art, but there were three artists considered to be the Trinity of Great Masters, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raffaelo Santi, or simply Raphael. While these artists often worked in different mediums, Michelangelo preferred stone and Raphael preferred oil paint. Michelangelo and Raphael were able to portray emotions in their work.In two of these works, The Pieta and La Madonna di San Sisto, these artists were able to bring to works of art the raw emotions felt by their subjects. Though their works are quite different, what they portrayed was often quite similar. One of Raphael’s works called Raphael’s Angels (San Sisto, 1513-1514), speaks to me in many ways. I was familiar with these two cherubs in the Sistine Madonna as they are often copied and hung in offices a nd homes. But it was only recently that I discovered that these two smiling cherubs belong to a larger work of art.These two well-known cherubs are part of a larger oil painting done on canvas titled La Madonna di San Sisto or Sistine Madonna. It was a commissioned piece and the last of Raphael’s Madonnas. When the cherubs are seen alone they are often called Raphael’s Angels, The Sistine Cherubs, and Raphael’s Two Putti. Most of the works of art during the Renaissance had strong religious connections and were done for the church with the intent that it would reside in the church. When we think of this period in art we most often think of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel.While Raphael’s Sistine Madonna is in oil, it was done on a flax covered wall in the Benedictine monastery church and was not permanent. The full painting, The Sistine Madonna, shows Mary holding the baby Jesus, sans halo, with two Saints. The cherubs sit at the very bottom of the pic ture, almost out of place. Their cherubic faces and expressions, in my opinion, belie the magnificence and holiness of the rest of the art work. They look puzzled and somewhat bored, a bit mischievous and not at all reverent.The colors are similar to others used during this period but do not contain all the colors used by Michelangelo in his painting of The Sistine Chapel. They are not bright or harsh, but rather muted. There is sparing use of red and blue, but show more use of brown and gold. The curtains and clothes are dark. The images have little shadowing, showing only under the feet of Mary and one of the saints. The lines of the painting show an opened curtain and clouds on which Mary and the saints stand.The cherubs appear to be leaning on a solid surface that is, in fact, the very bottom of the painting, which is the only straight line of the piece. The clothes appear to be flowing, captured by the use of curved lines and shadowing in the folds. The light source appears to be the clouds which are the brightest of the piece. Personally, it is the cherubs that speak to me, and not the entire work of art. I like the playfulness they show in their eyes. I like the idea that not all religious work is completely serious and that some fun exists in religion.Intellectually, I wonder what the purpose Raphael had in including them in a Church commissioned work. This work is much like other works of the time – religious in nature, done in oil, and displayed in a house of worship. No doubt that Rafael was influenced by other artists and the trend in art of the time, and yet from this one work of art, it appears that the artist himself shows his own unique style simply by including the cherubs and their quizzical looks. During this same time period, the famous Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.Though he may be remembered as a painter, he considered himself a sculptor and completed many statues during his lifetime. One in particular, his Pieta, (Rome, 1498) speaks to me in many ways. The Pieta is a marble statue of Mary holding Christ after he was removed from the cross. He lies straddled across her lap with her looking down on him with a solemn face and closed eyes. When looking at the piece it would be difficult not to see the pain of a woman who has lost someone dear to them.Certainly you can see the grief of Mary for the loss of Jesus, but you can also see the grief of many women who have lost someone they love. I am reminded of all women who grieve for the loss of a child. Done in marble, the statue appears to glisten in places and yet seems darker and in others. The lines capture the image of the human form and the folds of the clothes Mary wears. The hard stone she sits upon is barely seen and does not distract from the movement of the other aspects of the piece. Her face appears shaded under the scarf on her head, while light reflects off the body of Christ.The statue shows marvelous detail of Christ’s body includi ng the holes in his hands where he was nailed to the cross. Upon close observance of the statue one can see that Mary does not touch Jesus skin to skin but has a garment under her right hand, while her left hand is away from the body with her palm up. During his life Michelangelo worked for the church under Pope Julius II and for the Medici family that ruled Rome. The majority of his work was religious in nature, as seen in The Pieta and another famous sculpture he did of David.He designed the tombs for the Medici family and also the Medici Chapel. Michelangelo’s work, along with Raphael’s works, follow the works of the time, most being not only religious in nature, but based on the Christian religion and following stories from the Bible. Both painting and sculpting were popular forms of art and capturing the body through use of religious figures played a major part in the subject matters. Whether done in marble, clay, or oil, the pieces of art capture the emotions of life, the human form in almost absolute detail, and the thoughts of society at the time.With Italy being the center of Catholicism and home to the main church, it is no wonder that the majority of the art works during this period are religious in nature. Add to that the fact that many of the pieces were commissioned by one or more arms of the church religion was certainly the major influence on many of the artists. Topalski, Art In Creation, Rapahel’s Angels, Retrieved from http://www. topalski. com/2012/artworks-in-progress-fine-art-in-creation/raphael%E2%80%99s-angels/ Garden of Praise, Pieta, Retrieved from http://www. gardenofpraise. com/art50. htm

Breaking Down the Constitution essays

Breaking Down the Constitution essays Article Five, clause two of the United States Constitution states, "under the Authority of the United States, [the Constitution] shall be the supreme law of the land." As a result of the fact that the current activist government is pursuing inconsistent policies, many believe the Constitution has become irrelevant because no guiding principles seem to exist. Thomas Jefferson once said, "The Constitution belongs to the living and not to the dead." Accordingly, it is often referred to as a "living" document because of its regular alteration and reexamination; therefore, the Constitution has not become irrelevant in defining the goals of American government. This will be shown by examining how the Constitution ensures and upholds American ideas of rights, defines governmental structures, allows for an increase in governmental growth, and permits the Supreme Court to shape and define public policy through Constitutional Through years of research on court cases, political scientists are in agreement that most people favor rights in theory, but their support diminishes when the time to put the rights into practice arrives. For example, a strong percentage of Americans concur with the idea of free speech throughout the United States, but when a court case such as Texas vs. Johnson (1989) arises, most backing shifts away from complete freedom of speech. In the case, a Texan named Gregory Johnson set fire to an American flag during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas in order to protest nuclear arms buildup; the decision was awarded to Johnson in the midst of stern Lockean philosophy concerning the natural rights of man also serves amajor role in an American's idea of rights. Many citizens feels that it is the task of the state to preserve such birthrights as life, liberty, and property. The juristic theory of rights deals ...

Niccolò Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essays

Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essays Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essay Niccolà ² Machiavelli’S The Art of War Essay Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Art of War was written between the year 1519 and 1520. The book is divided into a preface and seven chapters in the form of dialogues which took place in a garden between Cosimo Rucellai and Lord Fabrizio Colonna. Rucellai is actually Machiavelli’s childhood friend who died while they were young. Meanwhile, Fabrizio is the disguised Machiavelli himself. Machiavelli (1521) has noted in the preface of the book that â€Å"the military is like the roof of a palazzo protecting the contents†. The dialogues were purposely written specifically â€Å"to honor and reward, not to have contempt for poverty, to esteem the modes and orders of military discipline, to constrain citizens to love one another, to live without factions, to esteem less the private than the public good†. The book (1521) illustrates that Fabrizio is fascinated with the Roman Legions of the early to mid Republic and convincingly supports their adoption to the contemporary situation of Renaissance Florence. Machiavelli may have written this book well having been selected as an official historian of Florence the year before the publication of the book and he was assigned with simple civil duties part of his assignment. The book is rich with knowledge, wisdom and insights as shared by Fabrizio in the dialogues. He is shown with a superior knowledge stating, among others, the ways which an army must be raised, trained, organized, employed and deployed. His theories are taken on a comprehensive study and analysis of classical and contemporary military practices. On the contrary, he underestimated the efficiency of firearms and cavalry when his concept of copying Roman practices has been gradually and practically used by many rulers and commanders, most notably Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. These rulers would later lay the foundations for the system of Linear Tactics which would dominate the warfare of Europe and the world until after the Napoleonic Wars. The Art of War (1521) is considered to be the single most popular military treatise in Europe. Initially, the book may appear to revitalize the infantry-centered military organization of the imperial Roman legions which may not be relevant to today’s times. The book is not very relevant today since it failed to value the social and technological trends. The Art of War may be considered a humanistic treatise on the subject of war, written under the form of dialogues and divided in seven books or chapters. Machiavelli (1521) loathed the people of his time as weak, but he also believed on the possibility of a â€Å"perpetual republic† that would solve the weakness of the moderns and correct the errors of the Romans and in doing so would be able to put up a political order no longer subject to the vicissitudes of fortune. Whether Machiavelli could have had so grand an ambition remains controversial, but all agree on his greatness- his novelty, the penetration of his mind, and the grace of his style. The world nowadays is more concerned with overcoming the terrorists that abound the universe today. Every government specifically the government of the United States is determined to end terrorist activities at whatever cost. The weaponry and the military tactics may have transformed in the most modern ways but what is important is that the leaders would face the challenge in such a good way. The book may not be relevant in many ways in today’s times but it is still a good reference material.

Medium vs. Media

Medium vs. Media Medium vs. Media Medium vs. Media By Sharon Medium originates from the Latin meaning middle, midst or means and this sense has carried through its various meanings. The 16th century meaning of intervening substance gave rise to the 19th century meaning of enveloping substance, a term often used in scientific experiments. Since the 18th century, medium has also meant intermediate agency (which no doubt is responsible for the medium who communicates with the other side). The mass media also share this origin. Radio is a medium (or means) of communication. With the advent of national broadcasting of radio programs in the 1920s, the term mass media was born. Given its Latinate origin, many people wonder about the correct plural of medium. Merriam Webster Online states that media is the correct plural of medium in almost all cases. However, many people also use media as a singular noun when referring to the mass media. Here are some quotations from newspapers: platform, Periscope, as a gathering place for gamers. Facebook has also been scrambling to get in on the growing medium, courting individual gamers and adding the ability to tip streamers on Facebook Live as part of its â€Å"gaming (www.nytimes.com) News media finally calls out Trump on his lies. Outrage over the Trump administrations policy of separating children from their parents at the border is clearly growing, and it looks as if the media are a driving force behind it. Finally, were saying what everyone has known for Were quick to condemn the culture of entitlement for sports prima donnas, but weve created the same cozy cocoon for media stars. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph Examples10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

Comparative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative analysis - Essay Example Roger Scruton (2010) on the other hand looks at the issue of the modern education from another perceptive. He also agrees that that there is a problem with the modern education and that there needs to be a way to deal with these issues. To make his point, he introduces his text by reviewing a book written some century years ago by a catholic scholar. The book is titled The Idea of a University authored by Cardinal John Henry Newman who was a great scholar during the 19th century (Scruton, 2010). Scruton outlines how Newman describes the ideal university. He points out that Newman painted a picture of a university not just as a place to gain knowledge, but a place to shape and guide a man’s discipline. Roger Scruton argues that this is almost no longer the case. These two authors tackle the issue from two different angles. For instance, Ribinson looks the issue from a creativity point of view and argues that there is a need for modern schools to create an environment that helps students to be creative. This problem has been looked at by a number f people. Scruton on the other hand looks at the issue of modern education mostly from an economic point of view. In his article, he looks at the kind of decision that most parents, especially those who are economically restrained, make before deciding to take their teenage child to university. Roger Scruton’s argument is based on the fact that education has become very expensive and the courses that the university today offers some programs that may not seem to improve much on the student. He contradicts Newman’s ideal view of a university. To describe how Newman’s idea of a university cannot be achieved today, he gives an example of how a father may feel after sending his daug hter to university only for the daughter to graduate with a course in women’s studies (which he

The Impact of Health Inequalities on Health Education and Health Essay

The Impact of Health Inequalities on Health Education and Health Promotion - Essay Example dren in developing countries (Guerrant, Kirchhoff, Shields, Nations, Leslie, de Sousa, Araujo, Correia, Sauer, McClelland, Trowbridge and Hughes, 1983). Due to these disparities in the economies of developed and underdeveloped nations, there are a lot of discrepancies in the health standards of the people of these countries as well. Health inequalities refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across sexual orientation, racial, socioeconomic and ethnic groups. A marked difference can be seen between the health conditions of developed and underdeveloped countries. The better the economy of a country, the better is the state of health. Health disparities exist between differing socioeconomic groups. The lower socioeconomic group have poorer health and higher rates of chronic illness, obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Differences also lie in access to health care between the two classes. Usually people in deprived areas receive less care than needed. Whereas the affluent areas have easy access to almost all kinds of medication and health care. Within a country, we can also see difference in the health standards between different racial groups. For example; in America, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans and African Americans have higher mortality, higher rate of chronic disease and poorer overall health conditions. There is a need to change life styles of people to help them live a better and healthy life. This could be achieved through health promotions and educating them about health issues. Health promotion enables people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental intervention (WHO, 2011). Health promotion aims at influencing, informing,... This paper approves that health care costs are continuously arising, resulting the government, employers and consumers to struggle to keep up with the increased costs. Major policy of the health care units is to cut off the costs. Rising federal deficit with an overall slowdown in the economic growth is also putting strain on the systems used to finance the health care. Things are made more complicated by the health disparities within the nation. The health care units have to divide their funds for improving the conditions in the rural areas and conducting health awareness programmes for them, and for research purposes. This essay shows that government plays an important role in providing awareness regarding how to stay healthy and solving health related issues. Government have the power of financing, organizing, overseeing, and delivering health care. Government is also responsible for getting care to people who wouldn't otherwise have it; the underprivileged, the disabled, and the aged, many of whom could not afford it on their own. The government's role in health and health care does not end here but it goes into the realm of encouraging new discoveries related to health affairs There are some Government Organizations like U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps which are working to promote, protect, and advance the health and safety of the United States. Members of PHS often serve on the frontlines in fighting diseases and poor health conditions. They are trained and equipped to respond to emergencies such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks and public health crisis.

WHY ARE NOT MEN MORE INTERESTED IN CHILD CARE Essay

WHY ARE NOT MEN MORE INTERESTED IN CHILD CARE - Essay Example In this respect, the influencing factors and reasons why this is the case are critical to capture. While women’s studies constitute a course just like any other, the minimal or limited men participation draws an interesting feature that needs to be looked into. It is essential to critically capture and uncover the reasons why few men pursue women’s studies. As the course name suggests, the subject matter of the course seems to be primarily women oriented (Lorber, Davis, and Evans 61). In this context, the position of men in women’s studies will be evaluated while taking into consideration the changing nature of the world over time. There have to be some explaining factors behind few men numbers that pursue women’s studies. Men enrolments in women’s studies remain relatively low over the years (Tarrant & Katz 195), and the reason why this is the trend will be presented in this section of the paper. By this time, the paper will have established the explaining phenomena behind few men enrolments in women’s studies, and this part will explore the likelihood of increasing men numbers in women’s studies through any appropriate and functional

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example The theorization of capital punishment has shown a great favor to its status as a deterrent to crime. Scholars like Emile Durkheim and Foucault have put emphasis on punishment as well as capital punishment as deterrent to crime. Some recent empirical studies also show evidences of the deterrent effects of the capital punishment on the crime rate in a country. But opponents of capital punishment argue that though death-penalty has deterrent effects they are negligible, as it is claimed in a report, â€Å"The death penalty in the U.S. is an enormously expensive and wasteful program with no clear benefits† (Death Penalty Information Center). Meanwhile, opponents of the capital punishment often refer to the high crime rate in the United State as evidences of ineffectiveness of this death-penalty as a deterrent. Indeed this high rate of capital-punishment deserving crimes does not necessarily require that it should be abolished. If it is supposed that it should be abolished because of the high rate, other forms of punishments also should be abolished. Indeed such arguments are some sorts of blubbery. ... Taking an ethical decision becomes more difficult when it is revealed that a number of the death deserving crimes are committed driven by anger, or by other emotional convulsions. The opponents often claim that death penalty is not the least effective, since most of the murderers think that they will be able evade this punishment, as the Police Chief of Los Angels, Willie L. Williams says, â€Å"I am not convinced that capital punishment, in and of itself, is a deterrent to crime because most people do not think about the death penalty before they commit a violent or capital crime† (â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Indeed such claim does not necessarily prove that death penalty is not a deterrent, rather it indicates to the glaring faults of law enforcing agencies that convince a would-be murderer to belief that they are evadable. Indeed the high rate of crimes and murders in the United States has its root not in the ineffectiveness of the capital punishment, rather in its faults of enforcement. A comparative statistics on the executions and the incidences of murders shows that â€Å"only about 110 death-sentences are handed out for the more than 17000 reported murders that occur every year† (Class Text). In fact, such statistic shows that the vast majority of the unpunished murderers will be examples for those who want to commit murder. Even though death penalty has a deterrent effect on the majority of the common people, it is only the face-value of the scheme and policy of keeping people away from committing murder. While materializing death-penalty effectively, any policy against crimes like homicides and murders should include other socio-cultural, religious and even economic deterrents. According to Foucault, social disciplinary institutions can play a significant role lessening

Multinational Enterprises Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multinational Enterprises Regulation - Essay Example From the report it is clear that international HRM is based on factors such as consistency, expertise, internationalisation experience, and resource power. These factors realise objectives such as the functional re-alignment of operations owing to a multinational corporation’s global operations, and the localisation of HRM policies when necessary. In the practice of HRM within the majority of multinational corporations, there is usually the transfer of the company’s HRM practices and policies, which is referred to as ‘knowledge transfer’, to various foreign organisational units. This process takes place in several stages as the multinational corporation in question first needs to determine what needs to be transferred, and then carries out the actual process of transferring the HRM knowledge. The last stage involves the utilisation, by the foreign branches, of the transferred knowledge.According to the essay findings  the transfer process needs to not onl y occur from the multinational corporation’s headquarters to the foreign branches, but also between the subsidiaries themselves.  The transfer of HRM knowledge and practices to subsidiary organisations from the headquarters of the multinational corporation is based on the assumption that it is best for the organisation to make use of the most superior practices in order to retain its competitive edge over the local firms in places where subsidiaries are based.

Understanding positive environment for student learning and Research Paper

Understanding positive environment for student learning and professional collaboration - Research Paper Example ls’ management towards creation of a positive environment but also helped in understanding the relationship between good instruction, assessment, and collaboration. The interviews with administrators, teachers, and parents helped in understanding the vision and concerns of these stakeholders regarding positive environments. At the end of the project, a walkthrough was also conducted the purpose of which was to get an insight into the importance of positive environment and collaboration for students and teachers respectively. In educational sector, the most important thing that matters for all stakeholders is a positive learning environment. The reason is that positive environment promotes enhanced learning and collaboration for students and teachers respectively. A positive learning environment is not restricted to any particular stakeholder, rather includes all stakeholders who have a specific role to play in improving instruction, collaboration, and assessment areas. Students need a positive environment to show improved performances not only in classrooms but also in the play grounds. Similarly, teachers need a positive environment where they can provide education to learners in interactive way using latest educational technologies and equipment. Along with students and teachers, the role of parents cannot be ignored by any means because parents are highly concerned about the environment in which they send their children to learn. Parents are one of the main stakeholders of any educational institute b ecause they are directly concerned with the schools performances of their children. Therefore, the role of teachers, students, and parents is equally important in moving towards the cause of creating a positive learning and collaboration environment at schools. A positive learning environment has some key characteristics that make it an essential element in the success of an educational institute. For example, a positive learning environment is one that reflects

Multinational Enterprises Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multinational Enterprises Regulation - Essay Example From the report it is clear that international HRM is based on factors such as consistency, expertise, internationalisation experience, and resource power. These factors realise objectives such as the functional re-alignment of operations owing to a multinational corporation’s global operations, and the localisation of HRM policies when necessary. In the practice of HRM within the majority of multinational corporations, there is usually the transfer of the company’s HRM practices and policies, which is referred to as ‘knowledge transfer’, to various foreign organisational units. This process takes place in several stages as the multinational corporation in question first needs to determine what needs to be transferred, and then carries out the actual process of transferring the HRM knowledge. The last stage involves the utilisation, by the foreign branches, of the transferred knowledge.According to the essay findings  the transfer process needs to not onl y occur from the multinational corporation’s headquarters to the foreign branches, but also between the subsidiaries themselves.  The transfer of HRM knowledge and practices to subsidiary organisations from the headquarters of the multinational corporation is based on the assumption that it is best for the organisation to make use of the most superior practices in order to retain its competitive edge over the local firms in places where subsidiaries are based.

Organizational Development application concepts to introduce change at Term Paper

Organizational Development application concepts to introduce change at Old Navy - Term Paper Example The company tends to offer its customers with denim, sunglasses, blouses, shirts, handbags and other fashion products at cheaper prices than its competitors in its physical stores and through its websites. Customers have been observed to prefer its fashionable style and the prices at which the company offers its goods and services to a large extent (WhaleShark Media, 2011). Issues Likely to be Faced by Old Navy Retailer Stores There might be losses to the retailers in the form of external threats such as theft, damage or loss of merchandise along with transaction fraud which is considered to hamper the Old Navy Retailer Stores at large. It has been noted by Aberdeen research reports that approximately 60% of the retailers experienced a write-off of nearly 1.75% of the total inventory (Aberdeen Group, â€Å"Retail Loss prevention System†). ... For instance, it might consist of part time or temporary employees’ related issues, including employees’ dissatisfaction with the working conditions resulting to high turnovers of the employees which can hinder the successful operation of the organization in its long-run. These problems in conjunction to poor performance may prove to be quite problematic for the retailers since such employees tend to be in direct contact with the customers. This may further impact on the brand image of the company influencing the aspect of customer loyalty as well (Purpura, â€Å"Security and Loss Prevention: An Introduction†). With the rising trend of use of the information technology, the maintenance cost for the companies is surmounting day by day. Maintenance cost is considered to be an important factor in the profitability of the organization (Haroun & Duffuaa, â€Å"Maintenance organization†). Rewards systems are considered to be another issue for the retail organiza tions. The main objective of the reward system is to attract potential employees and retain the productive ones, to draw out good performance and to maintain commitment to the organization (Koala Consulting and training, â€Å"Reward Systems†). Each organization must have reward systems as without such systems, companies will not be capable of having talented staffs in the organization. At times it has been noted that an incentive scheme which is capable of enhancing the sales of the organization and motivating the staffs may as well have a negative impact upon the teamwork within the organization. Therefore, this can be considered as an issue for the retail organization. With the increasing effect of globalization, more and more companies are coming up with their product offerings which are giving rise to

The Status Of Women In Patriarchal India

The Status Of Women In Patriarchal India India is a country with a history of multiplicity inequality, where customs and culture practise had and still have strong influence on the social and political life of the population. India is also a country with a social caste system, with variety religions believers. This social mixture makes difficult for Indian women to escape discrimination, reach better opportunities and empower themselves not only inside the household, but also in a village and in a community, or even on the countrys political stage. On another hand, India has modern approach to technology and development with fast growing economy reaching 7,7 percent GDP in 2009 and further forecast of growth to 9 percent this year. (Trading economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=INR) Indian family structure. The most outstanding feature of India is a strong patriarchal and patrilocal character of this state. Majority of Indian states are patriarchal with only few examples of matrilocal and matrilineal structure like Kerala. In patriarchal society both boys and girls take their identity from the father. But while the son is recognize as a permanent member of the family, the girls are more luckily be viewed as a transit element of this unit to another predominantly husbands family. This also influences inheritance and resource distribution inside family. The land and properties are usually inherited by male successors and transmitted throw them to the next generation. According to the traditional legal practice a daughter has only rights of maintenance the land during her life in a family. As soon as she got married her right of land use are dismissed and taken back to family unit. Only a son has rights to property and land at birth. Women position in patriarchal India is reduced to good daughters, good wives and mothers. Wifehood and motherhood are commonly accepted as key roles for women in an Indian society and by those implications they should not pursue any different profession. Especially this once required by higher education or specialised trainings, which make them, lose focus on main household duties. Patriarchal system in an Indian society also means that the family unit is based on the joint household structure, where only one male is a head of house. Usually this role does belong to a father. He does make choice in terms of marriage alliance, both daughters and sons, decision about buying and selling properties, and maintaining family property day-to-day life. In terms of domestic arrangement the elder woman in a family is in charge. The new bride has the lowest and submissive position in this family chain (p70-76 Women status in India and Empowering them throw Education Dr Bijayalasini Prahary 2010). In addition a patrilocal character of the Indian family means that a married couple will be leaving in a husbands father house or in close distance to a natal home. And because an inheritance in India is usually traced through man, not a woman, the whole family sets are related to males who live together and share a property or even in case of tribal groups a wife. As a consequence of a male dominated role in a family and kinship system women are treated as a less important tool in a kin, and often an easy disposable member, simply replaceable by new brides. For example, in cases where a woman is childless common practise for husband is to send her back to her maternal family and replace by a new wife. The daughter situation is much more difficult. As daughters position is concerned, their residence in the fathers household is temporary and they do not have rights to family assets. Especial as girls quite often are subjects of early age arranged marriages, so their lives in a unit ar e short. In case of a wife, the husband family treats her as an outsider who is descended from some other patriarchal extended kin. Interesting enough with age and giving a birth to son a woman can gain better setup inside the household, but she will always be perceive as an outsider. Legally the minimum ages at marriage are 18 for women and 21 for man, but in practise, according R C Mishra, close to 60 percent of women of rural India are married before reaching legal age. Especially that the legal provisions are rarely enforced by local authorities, what allows prohibition against child marriage to be continued and it seems wildly accepted in pure areas of India. We have to remember that Indian population is strongly influenced by custom and religious believes. As a consequence of early married many of girls, who are not ready physically and mentally to give a birth at young age, are dying during pregnancy (p94-97 women in India towards gender equality R C Mishra Authorspress Delhi 2006). The patrurialchal structure of the family clearly influences the relationship inside a household. Any womens decision-making power is restricted by their low positions in a house. For example, if the mother-in-law lives in a house, a new woman in a unit has to ask her for permission and approval in domestic arrangements. If the brother-in-law is there, he is the person to ask for consent to leave the house. Also at presence the sister-in-law in a household, a new bride needs to submit herself to her decisions. Many of women in joint families are enable to take any independent decision in respect to their own daily activities. The wife has to live by her husbands and often his family wishes. The daughter has to live by father and family arrangements. (Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Bilkis Vissandjà ©e 2006). According to studies made by R C Misha nearly 90 percent of women in Uttar Pradesh, and over 80 percent in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh need permission before they can leave the house. Even in matters of cooking, a third of interviewed women in Uttar said that they had been excluded from decision-making on cooking. ((p94-97 women in India towards gender equality R C Mishra Authorspress Delhi 2006) Indians family structure means that it is a bride responsibility to make major adjustments in a marriage. Girls should be prepared to make sacrifice in terms own needs, be modest, hard worker and always contribute to new family wealth being. Many Indians strongly believe that not only young girls should get married early but as well be less educated than the males in the family. The reason behind this is to preserve the male-based hierarchy and perception of man roles in a household as a breadwinner and security provider. Another factor is that unmarried innocent girl symbolises family honour and purity, and is considering as a blessed gift for the whole house. In India, especially in pure regions, rural areas, girls specialise in domestic work such as looking after siblings, preparing and cooking food, cleaning the house and fetching water and firewood. Boys on the other hand are manly involved in working on the family farms, looking after livestock and engaging in income-earning activities. (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009) But due to economic situation quite often girls are taking over also boys responsibilities in farming and earning money for family needs. Also social discrimination has a huge impact on women rights to land. Norms of female dependence on males are justified through a range of social mechanisms. About one in third of households have been run by women alone as they husbands left in research for jobs outside agriculture industry. Still women get less paid then man for the same work done. Two third of women in India cant read or write. They cant sleep before the man in household (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009). (p 40-44 Gender Discrimination in Indian Society, L Packiam, Allied Publishing Privet Limited 2006 New Delhi) In addition, even among Indian women exists huge inequality related to treatment at work place and on social stage. Women belonging to the privileged and dominating classes enjoy mach more freedom and opportunities than they are often denied even to man from subordinated and unprivileged casts and groups. Women for the privilege cast are more educated and can place themselves in better position on an employment market. Still it does not change the fact that women are on the bottom of the order in every social group and casts, landless people, displaced and migrants (p1-11 statues of rural women in India Dr S C Shama 2009) Dali women are the hardest touched by discrimination not only at home but as well at Indian society. As the lowest cast they suffer every day form injustice and wrongdoing. The case of a girl student from Gujarat is only one of many examples of hash treatment by upper class and Indian traditional authorities. The girl made a mistake of joining the dancing in the mai n square of her village, in which most of the participants were of the upper caste. The upper caste boys pulled her out and threatened to rape her. For interfering, her mother was slapped. In the hope for justice, she forced her parents to file a complaint to the police against her assailants. For complaining to the police constantly the upper caste families in a village intimidated her mother and members of her family until it had been withdraw. This only one from many examples showing how difficult is for women from lowest cast to deal with disadvantages to be born into Dalit cast. It is estimated that around 50 thousand Dalits girls were sold every year to Hindu organizations that are involved in the Devdasi system as a female servants of god and are sexually exploited. These women from the poorest cast have no control over life, wealth and they cannot expect help from Indian justices system and local authorities. Human Right Watch Report in 1992, http://aapf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/mahey-the-status-of-dalit-women-in-indias-caste-based-system.pdf (The Status of Dalit Women in Indias Caste Based System Sonia Mahey, University of Alberta) Women in Indian population. India is one of the countries where the female population is counting in less proportion to male population. According to UNICEF Indias Report on Child Sex Ratio birth of females children is declining steadily. Figures from 1991 showed the sex ratio was 947 girls for 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys. Furthermore, since 1991 in 80 percent of all districts in India had recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst in leading the statistics. States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in the same period. http://www.unicef.org/india/media_3285.htm Delhi recorded sex ratios 821 while Haryanan 851 and Uttar Paradesh 898 (p6 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7602/1/MPRA_paper_7602.pdf). The Karela state is the only one in India where overall sex ratio is constantly in favourable to women. According to MPRAs data sex ratio was in 2001 1058 as per 1001 census (MPRA 10 march 2008) The fact is that more then 1 million pregnancies are aborted every year after the identification as females. Female children, who escape abortion or infanticide, get into social, economical and political discrimination. Through socialisation female children are throwing into women role expectations in Indian society. From the moment of birth girls are subjected by parents reinforcement to take on traditional role in a society and secondary position after male. From the birth girls are view as a weight responsibility and son as a valuable resource. This discriminations continue throw the girls whole lives and effecting ever aspect of they daily existence. At home patents give priority to needs and interest of their sons then daughters. The teenager girl is denied involvement in decision making in the family. She hardly takes any decision, which affects her life directly. Even in terms of relationships girls are restricted. A son can choose and love a girl of his choice, even refuses t o marry parents choice of a bride, and whomever they selects the final world would be his. On contrarily, the daughter has to submit herself physically and mentally to family decisions. Every her movement is watched by relatives and in huge measure by the whole community, especially in a village environment. She is strictly instructed to behave herself. Expression of love towards a boy even of the same cast is not possible (L Packiam 2006, p16-18). Of course the restriction towards girls can be more loosen up in economically privileged and higher cast families. Although India is going throw an intensive economical and in same point political changes, which impose social transformation on girls right to education, the elimination of traditional and still strong dominated view on women lower position seems to be unattached by those changes. Girls education The conventional view on girls upbringing has huge impact on their formal education. India has the largest population of non-school-going working girls. The country literacy rate for women is 39 percent versus 64 percent for man. For example in Uttar Pradesh is even lower, around 25 percent for women. This low rate of girls in an education lies down to parents view that the educated girl brings no returns to her future roles, mainly as a homemaker and perhaps agriculture labour. The point is that girls increasingly are replacing brothers on farm duties while carrying domestic responsibilities at the same time. This is significant reason for not sending daughters to schools. A large proportion of nonworking girls is kept at home only because they household responsibility. Also next point for not sending girls to school is to protect their virginity. Especially when schools are communal for both: girls and boys. In addition long distance to education institutions with travel expenses m akes impossible to change paten of basic education for girls (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 10-13). The reality is that women literacy rate stands less than 50 percent for whole India. United Nation had estimated that 245 million Indian women cannot read or write and furthermore this number covers wide throw states, religion groups and casts. For instance, while 95 percent of women in Mizoram are literate, only 34 percent of women in Bihar can read and write. The average Indian female has only 1.2 years of schooling, while the Indian male spends 3.5 years in school. More than 50 percent girls drop out by the time they are in middle school. On the other hand life expectancy has increased for both: males and females to 64.9 years for women and 63 years for men. According to UN Statistic Division (2000) also the workingwomen population had risen from 13 percent in 1987 to 25 percent in 2001 and still grows. Another confirmed point of strong male dominance in an Indian society is the fact that only women belied to be responsible for childless marriages or giving successive birth to female babies. In those cases it is common to expect a wife to find a second wife, for her husband, which is natural in rural areas that she is coming from her own family kit (L Packiam 2006, p35 -37). In such traditional country like India with strong male role perception as a head of large family it is important to have sons who continue family line and look after their assets. Work and women A further aspect unequal right for women and men are related to workplace and conditions they are work. Women work longer hours than man and their work is less paid or not paid at all. Women contribution in agriculture, whether it is farming or commercial agriculture, is far more demanding as they need to as well concentrate on domestic duties and ruining household, fulfilling they traditional roles as a mother and wife. It had been found (Andhra Pradesh 2006, p.12-17) that the working day of a woman labour in agriculture during the farming season last 15 hours from 4 am to 8 pm, while man work from 5am to 10 am or 11 am and from 3 pm to 5 pm. It means that women have to work in difficult weather conditions (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 12-17). Both transplanting and weeding required from women worker to spend the whole day working in mud. What is more they work under hit of sun, while mens work such a ploughing and watering the fields is always carried out early in a morning (Neera Bha rihoke 2008, p. 41). Still women labour contribution is barley recognizable as an economic productivity and input to a family household (Dr Priyanka Tomar 2006, p 12-17). In rural India women get paid 60 percent or even less than men for doing the same work. Table 1 shows the wage rate in agriculture between male and female workers between 2004 and 2006 register by Government of India. According to this table women get only 41.58 rupee for ploughing work while men are paid almost double. Also in another jobs women do seems to be paid less than men. Table 1: Wage Rate in Agricultural occupation 2004-2006 Occupation Wage of Men Wage of Women Ploughing Sowing Weeding Picking Crushing 72,28 66,09 57,97 54,60 60,62 41,58 46,17 46,73 41,49 42,73 Source:Ministerof Labouer, Gov of India Women play significant role in agriculture, taking on any job required in land farming. Table 2:1 shows percentage of distribution of female labour in cultivation, agriculture and household in 2001. According the chat around 51 percent women are involve in household industries work while 43 is employed in agriculture, and only 6 percent in cultivation. Table 2.2 shows percentage of male worker participation in cultivation, agriculture and household. The diagram picture that 59 percent men are employed in cultivation in compared to 43 percent women labour. In addition male labour continues 38 percent employed in agriculture. This number is less than 51 percent women labour. Not surprisingly only 3 percent men worked in household as this sector is consider being a female duty. Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 55th round (July 1999 June 2000) Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 55th round (July 1999 June 2000) http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Impact%20of%20WTO%20Women%20in%20Agriculture.pdf IMPACT OF WTO ON WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH FOUNDATION SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY NEW DELHI NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN NEW DELHI According to the UNFPA State of World Population report on India, published in 2005, about 70 percent of graduate Indian women were unemployed taking under consideration that women represent 90 percent of the total minor workers of the country. Whats more, rural women engaged in agriculture farming constitute 78 percent of all female with regular paid work, making they a third of all labour involved in farming on the land. Furthermore, the report point it out that due to the traditional gender division of labour these women get on average 30 percent lower wages than men. Also the total employment of women in organised sector is only 4 percent even though that industrial production increased since the 1980s with more jobs in factories and outside household. Evidently data shows increased trend among companies to rely on using cheap labour in production stage, mostly women and children. It is well known that women and children work in huge numbers in bangle making weaving, brassware, l eather, crafts and other industries, including clothed and technology factories. Yet, only 3 percent of these women are recorded as manual worker. They are forced to work for almost charitable wages and are excluded form all social security benefits like a health care or a pension. A study organised by SEWA in fourteen Indian trades found that 85 percent of this women earned only 50 percent of the official poverty level income. Another feature of women unequal treatment in Indian society is limited access to health care. Giving complicity of underlying factors like sons preference in a family, early marriages, lack of access to hospitals, education and general women position in a household, is not surprising that life expectancy of females is lower than males. For majority of Indian states the average women life expectancy is 60 years. However life expectancy age for Indian women had been altered for different states, regions in India. In Kerala, for instance, women life expectancy is 75 years of age, while in Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, the poorest states of India, womens age expectancy is even lower 57 years (R C Mishra 2006, p.85-87). This shows as well that other factors like women religion and a cast they belong to, political and economical environment do have huge impact on life expectancy this particular gender. In addition women are quite often subjects of sexual and gender related violence within household, but also outside family walls. They low position make them easy target for raps, molestation, kidnapping and abduction, dowry deaths and domestic violence. Especially illegal practice of dowry existing in many cast groups, quite common in rural areas, causing concerns as legislation reinforcement seems to be powerless in execution women rights and protection. Women in politics Furthermore on political stage it seems women are seriously underrepresented, The fact that Indian government accepted the Representation of the People Act from 1951, which reserves one third seats in national and states parliaments for women, makes milestone in acknowledging women participation in a society and they needs for changes. This is a positive step that gives women political rights to be represented and ability to influence legal policies of this country. On the other hand the Act can be viewed as a need for enforcement democratic India to accept women basic human rights to be equalised with men in area like education, workplace, household and marriage, inheritance of properties, land. However in reality women are not even count for a quote of Indian representatives on a political stage. For instance in a list of the Communist Party of India only three out of sixty candidates are women. Even worse situation for female representation can be found in Karelas parliament. On a list of the Congress Partys for Karela only one woman has been listed in election among seventeen candidates taking part. The main opposition party, Bharatiya Janata Party, has just twenty-six women among its one hundred sixty six candidates. Just six women among 71 candidate seats represent the Samajwadi Party. http://news.oneindia.in/feature/2009/wanted-women-in-indian-parliament.html Throw the years the number of women parliamentarians has never exceeded 15 percent of all seats. Participation of women in the Parliament Lok Sabha (lower house) after election in 1999 was only 8,8 percent, while in Rajya Sabha (upper house) was 8,2 percent (Source: Election Commission of Indias Website) This shows that womens participation in political processes is slow and almost invisible, can be even recounted as exclude form the state life. It is mainly due to various social, economic, historical, geographical, political and cultural factors. Illiteracy, lack of access and control over income and other resources including land, restrictions to public spaces and legal systems in favor of a man continue to harm women any effort to political contribution. In the Indian culture women have always been in a lower status than men and in this terms Indian women display great reserve, respect and submissive mannerisms when they speak to men. The rule Being a male-dominant society, men rule and women follow applies in every aspect to Indian society structure (A male participant Womens Political Participation in Rural India p.437). The Indian constitution grants women equal rights with men, but strong patriarchal traditions persist, with womens lives shaped by customs. In most of Indian families a daughter is viewed as a responsibility, a problem, which needs food and protection. On the other hand sons are idolized and celebrated. May you be the mother of a hundred sons is a common Hindu wedding blessing. This has influenced women access to education, to gaining power in household and a community. It seems that without strong reinforcement of traditional custom and values any government legislation cannot be productive. Recognition of women imputes into Indian economy and politics is another step towards improvement their lives. .